How many people have been
killed by Christians since Biblical times?
VICTIMS OF THE CHRISTIAN FAITH
by Kelsos
"WONDERFUL
EVENTS THAT TESTIFY
TO GOD'S DIVINE
GLORY"
Listed are only events that solely occurred on command of
church authorities or were committed in the name of
Christianity. (List incomplete)
Ancient Pagans
- As soon as Christianity was legal (315), more and more
pagan temples were destroyed by Christian mob. Pagan
priests were killed.
- Between 315 and 6th century thousands of pagan
believers were slain.
- Examples of destroyed Temples: the Sanctuary of
Aesculap in Aegaea, the Temple of Aphrodite in Golgatha,
Aphaka in Lebanon, the Heliopolis.
- Christian priests such as Mark of Arethusa or Cyrill of
Heliopolis were famous as "temple destroyer." [DA468]
- Pagan services became punishable by death in 356.
[DA468]
- Christian Emperor Theodosius (408-450) even had
children executed, because they had been playing with
remains of pagan statues. [DA469]
According to Christian chroniclers he "followed
meticulously all Christian teachings..."
- In 6th century pagans were declared void of all
rights.
- In the early fourth century the philosopher Sopatros
was executed on demand of Christian authorities.
[DA466]
- The world famous female philosopher Hypatia of
Alexandria was torn to pieces with glass fragments by a
hysterical Christian mob led by a Christian minister named
Peter, in a church, in 415.
[DO19-25]
Mission
- Emperor Karl (Charlemagne) in 782 had 4500 Saxons,
unwilling to convert to Christianity, beheaded. [DO30]
- Peasants of Steding (Germany) unwilling to pay
suffocating church taxes: between 5,000 and 11,000 men,
women and children slain 5/27/1234 near Altenesch/Germany.
[WW223]
- Battle of Belgrad 1456: 80,000 Turks slaughtered.
[DO235]
- 15th century Poland: 1019 churches and 17987 villages
plundered by Knights of the Order. Victims unknown.
[DO30]
- 16th and 17th century Ireland. English troops "pacified
and civilized" Ireland, where only Gaelic "wild Irish",
"unreasonable beasts lived without any knowledge of God or
good manners, in common of their goods, cattle, women,
children and every other thing." One of the more successful
soldiers, a certain Humphrey Gilbert, half-brother of Sir
Walter Raleigh, ordered that "the heddes of all those (of
what sort soever thei were) which were killed in the daie,
should be cutte off from their bodies... and should bee
laied on the ground by eche side of the waie", which effort
to civilize the Irish indeed caused "greate terrour to the
people when thei sawe the heddes of their dedde fathers,
brothers, children, kinsfolke, and freinds on the
grounde".
Tens of thousands of Gaelic Irish fell victim to the
carnage. [SH99, 225]
Crusades (1095-1291)
Heretics
- Already in 385 C.E. the first Christians, the Spanish
Priscillianus and six followers, were beheaded for heresy
in Trier/Germany [DO26]
- Manichaean heresy: a crypto-Christian sect decent
enough to practice birth control (and thus not as
irresponsible as faithful Catholics) was exterminated in
huge campaigns all over the Roman empire between 372 C.E.
and 444 C.E. Numerous thousands of victims. [NC]
- Albigensians: the first Crusade intended to slay other
Christians. [DO29]
The Albigensians (cathars = Christians
allegedly that have all
rarely sucked) viewed themselves as good
Christians, but would not accept roman Catholic rule, and
taxes, and prohibition of birth control. [NC]
Begin of violence: on command of pope Innocent III
(greatest single pre-nazi mass murderer) in 1209. Bezirs
(today France) 7/22/1209 destroyed, all the
inhabitants were slaughtered. Victims (including Catholics
refusing to turn over their heretic neighbours and friends)
20,000-70,000. [WW179-181]
- Carcassonne 8/15/1209, thousands slain. Other cities
followed. [WW181]
- subsequent 20 years of war until nearly all Cathars
(probably half the population of the Languedoc, today
southern France) were exterminated. [WW183]
- After the war ended (1229) the Inquisition was founded
1232 to search and destroy surviving/hiding heretics. Last
Cathars burned at the stake 1324. [WW183]
- Estimated one million victims (cathar heresy alone),
[WW183]
- Other heresies: Waldensians, Paulikians, Runcarians,
Josephites, and many others. Most of these sects
exterminated, (I believe some Waldensians live today, yet
they had to endure 600 years of persecution) I estimate at
least hundred thousand victims (including the Spanish
inquisition but excluding victims in the New World).
- Spanish Inquisitor Torquemada alone allegedly
responsible for 10,220 burnings. [DO28]
- John Huss, a critic of papal infallibility and
indulgences, was burned at the stake in 1415.
[LI475-522]
- University professor B.Hubmaier burned at the stake
1538 in Vienna. [DO59]
- Giordano Bruno, Dominican monk, after having been
incarcerated for seven years, was burned at the stake for
heresy on the Campo dei Fiori (Rome) on 2/17/1600.
Witches
- from the beginning of Christianity to 1484 probably
more than several thousand.
- in the era of witch hunting (1484-1750) according to
modern scholars several hundred thousand (about 80% female)
burned at the stake or hanged. [WV]
- incomplete list of documented cases:
Victims of the Burning
Times
Religious Wars
- 15th century: Crusades against Hussites, thousands
slain. [DO30]
- 1538 pope Paul III declared Crusade against apostate
England and all English as slaves of Church (fortunately
had not power to go into action). [DO31]
- 1568 Spanish Inquisition Tribunal ordered extermination
of 3 million rebels in (then Spanish) Netherlands.
Thousands were actually slain. [DO31]
- 1572 In France about 20,000 Huguenots were killed on
command of pope Pius V. Until 17th century 200,000 flee.
[DO31]
- 17th century: Catholics slay Gaspard de Coligny, a
Protestant leader. After murdering him, the Catholic mob
mutilated his body, "cutting off his head, his hands, and
his genitals... and then dumped him into the river [...but]
then, deciding that it was not worthy of being food for the
fish, they hauled it out again [... and] dragged what was
left ... to the gallows of Montfaulcon, 'to be meat and
carrion for maggots and crows'." [SH191]
- 17th century: Catholics sack the city of
Magdeburg/Germany: roughly 30,000 Protestants were slain.
"In a single church fifty women were found beheaded,"
reported poet Friedrich Schiller, "and infants still
sucking the breasts of their lifeless mothers."
[SH191]
- 17th century 30 years' war (Catholic vs. Protestant):
at least 40% of population decimated, mostly in Germany.
[DO31-32]
Jews
- Already in the 4th and 5th centuries synagogues were
burned by Christians. Number of Jews slain unknown.
- In the middle of the fourth century the first synagogue
was destroyed on command of bishop Innocentius of Dertona
in Northern Italy. The first synagogue known to have been
burned down was near the river Euphrat, on command of the
bishop of Kallinikon in the year 388. [DA450]
- 17. Council of Toledo 694: Jews were enslaved, their
property confiscated, and their children forcibly baptized.
[DA454]
- The Bishop of Limoges (France) in 1010 had the cities'
Jews, who would not convert to Christianity, expelled or
killed. [DA453]
- First Crusade: Thousands of Jews slaughtered 1096,
maybe 12.000 total. Places: Worms 5/18/1096, Mainz
5/27/1096 (1100 persons), Cologne, Neuss, Altenahr,
Wevelinghoven, Xanten, Moers, Dortmund, Kerpen, Trier,
Metz, Regensburg, Prag and others (All locations Germany
except Metz/France, Prag/Czech) [EJ]
- Second Crusade: 1147. Several hundred Jews were slain
in Ham, Sully, Carentan, and Rameru (all locations in
France). [WW57]
- Third Crusade: English Jewish communities sacked
1189/90. [DO40]
- Fulda/Germany 1235: 34 Jewish men and women slain.
[DO41]
- 1257, 1267: Jewish communities of London, Canterbury,
Northampton, Lincoln, Cambridge, and others exterminated.
[DO41]
- 1290 in Bohemian (Poland) allegedly 10,000 Jews killed.
[DO41]
- 1337 Starting in Deggendorf/Germany a Jew-killing craze
reaches 51 towns in Bavaria, Austria, Poland. [DO41]
- 1348 All Jews of Basel/Switzerland and
Strasbourg/France (two thousand) burned. [DO41]
- 1349 In more than 350 towns in Germany all Jews
murdered, mostly burned alive (in this one year more Jews
were killed than Christians in 200 years of ancient Roman
persecution of Christians). [DO42]
- 1389 In Prag 3,000 Jews were slaughtered. [DO42]
- 1391 Seville's Jews killed (Archbishop Martinez
leading). 4,000 were slain, 25,000 sold as slaves. [DA454]
Their identification was made easy by the brightly colored
"badges of shame" that all jews above the age of ten had
been forced to wear.
- 1492: In the year Columbus set sail to conquer a New
World, more than 150,000 Jews were expelled from Spain,
many died on their way: 6/30/1492. [MM470-476]
- 1648 Chmielnitzki massacres: In Poland about 200,000
Jews were slain. [DO43]
(I feel sick ...) this goes on and on, century after
century, right into the kilns of Auschwitz.
Native Peoples
- Beginning with Columbus (a former slave trader and
would-be Holy Crusader) the conquest of the New World
began, as usual understood as a means to propagate
Christianity.
- Within hours of landfall on the first inhabited island
he encountered in the Caribbean, Columbus seized and
carried off six native people who, he said, "ought to be
good servants ... [and] would easily be made Christians,
because it seemed to me that they belonged to no religion."
[SH200]
While Columbus described the Indians as "idolators" and
"slaves, as many as [the Crown] shall order," his pal
Michele de Cuneo, Italian nobleman, referred to the natives
as "beasts" because "they eat when they are hungry," and
made love "openly whenever they feel like it."
[SH204-205]
- On every island he set foot on, Columbus planted a
cross, "making the declarations that are required" - the
requerimiento - to claim the ownership for his
Catholic patrons in Spain. And "nobody objected." If the
Indians refused or delayed their acceptance (or
understanding), the requerimiento continued:
I certify to you that, with the help of God, we shall
powerfully enter in your country and shall make war
against you ... and shall subject you to the yoke and
obedience of the Church ... and shall do you all
mischief that we can, as to vassals who do not obey and
refuse to receive their lord and resist and contradict
him." [SH66]
- Likewise in the words of John Winthrop, first governor
of Massachusetts Bay Colony: "justifieinge the undertakeres
of the intended Plantation in New England ... to carry the
Gospell into those parts of the world, ... and to raise a
Bulworke against the kingdome of the Ante-Christ."
[SH235]
- In average two thirds of the native population were
killed by colonist-imported smallpox before violence began.
This was a great sign of "the marvelous goodness and
providence of God" to the Christians of course, e.g. the
Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wrote in 1634, as
"for the natives, they are near all dead of the smallpox,
so as the Lord hath cleared our title to what we possess."
[SH109,238]
- On Hispaniola alone, on Columbus visits, the native
population (Arawak), a rather harmless and happy people
living on an island of abundant natural resources, a
literal paradise, soon mourned 50,000 dead. [SH204]
- The surviving Indians fell victim to rape, murder,
enslavement and spanish raids.
- As one of the culprits wrote: "So many Indians died
that they could not be counted, all through the land the
Indians lay dead everywhere. The stench was very great and
pestiferous." [SH69]
- The indian chief Hatuey fled with his people but was
captured and burned alive. As "they were tying him to the
stake a Franciscan friar urged him to take Jesus to his
heart so that his soul might go to heaven, rather than
descend into hell. Hatuey replied that if heaven was where
the Christians went, he would rather go to hell."
[SH70]
- What happened to his people was described by an
eyewitness:
"The Spaniards found pleasure in inventing all kinds of odd
cruelties ... They built a long gibbet, long enough for the
toes to touch the ground to prevent strangling, and hanged
thirteen [natives] at a time in honor of Christ Our Saviour
and the twelve Apostles... then, straw was wrapped around
their torn bodies and they were burned alive." [SH72]
Or, on another occasion:
"The Spaniards cut off the arm of one, the leg or hip of
another, and from some their heads at one stroke, like
butchers cutting up beef and mutton for market. Six
hundred, including the cacique, were thus slain like brute
beasts...Vasco [de Balboa] ordered forty of them to be torn
to pieces by dogs." [SH83]
- The "island's population of about eight million people
at the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492 already had
declined by a third to a half before the year 1496 was
out." Eventually all the island's natives were
exterminated, so the Spaniards were "forced" to import
slaves from other caribbean islands, who soon suffered the
same fate. Thus "the Caribbean's millions of native people
[were] thereby effectively liquidated in barely a quarter
of a century". [SH72-73] "In less than the normal lifetime
of a single human being, an entire culture of millions of
people, thousands of years resident in their homeland, had
been exterminated." [SH75]
- "And then the Spanish turned their attention to the
mainland of Mexico and Central America. The slaughter had
barely begun. The exquisite city of Tenochtitln [Mexico
city] was next." [SH75]
- Cortez, Pizarro, De Soto and hundreds of other spanish
conquistadors likewise sacked southern and mesoamerican
civilizations in the name of Christ (De Soto also sacked
Florida).
- "When the 16th century ended, some 200,000 Spaniards
had moved to the Americas. By that time probably more than
60,000,000 natives were dead." [SH95]
Of course no different were the founders of what today is
the US of Amerikkka.
- Although none of the settlers would have survived
winter without native help, they soon set out to expel and
exterminate the Indians. Warfare among (north American)
Indians was rather harmless, in comparison to European
standards, and was meant to avenge insults rather than
conquer land. In the words of some of the pilgrim fathers:
"Their Warres are farre less bloudy...", so that there
usually was "no great slawter of nether side". Indeed,
"they might fight seven yeares and not kill seven men."
What is more, the Indians usually spared women and
children. [SH111]
- In the spring of 1612 some English colonists found life
among the (generally friendly and generous) natives
attractive enough to leave Jamestown - "being idell ... did
runne away unto the Indyans," - to live among them (that
probably solved a sex problem).
"Governor Thomas Dale had them hunted down and executed:
'Some he apointed (sic) to be hanged Some burned Some to be
broken upon wheles, others to be staked and some shott to
deathe'." [SH105] Of course these elegant measures were
restricted for fellow englishmen: "This was the treatment
for those who wished to act like Indians. For those who had
no choice in the matter, because they were the native
people of Virginia" methods were different: "when an Indian
was accused by an Englishman of stealing a cup and failing
to return it, the English response was to attack the
natives in force, burning the entire community" down.
[SH105]
- On the territory that is now Massachusetts the founding
fathers of the colonies were committing genocide, in what
has become known as the "Peqout War". The killers were New
England Puritan Christians, refugees from persecution in
their own home country England.
- When however, a dead colonist was found, apparently
killed by Narragansett Indians, the Puritan colonists
wanted revenge. Despite the Indian chief's pledge they
attacked.
Somehow they seem to have lost the idea of what they were
after, because when they were greeted by Pequot Indians
(long-time foes of the Narragansetts) the troops
nevertheless made war on the Pequots and burned their
villages.
The puritan commander-in-charge John Mason after one
massacre wrote: "And indeed such a dreadful Terror did the
Almighty let fall upon their Spirits, that they would fly
from us and run into the very Flames, where many of them
perished ... God was above them, who laughed his Enemies
and the Enemies of his People to Scorn, making them as a
fiery Oven ... Thus did the Lord judge among the Heathen,
filling the Place with dead Bodies": men, women, children.
[SH113-114]
- So "the Lord was pleased to smite our Enemies in the
hinder Parts, and to give us their land for an
inheritance". [SH111].
- Because of his readers' assumed knowledge of
Deuteronomy, there was no need for Mason to quote the words
that immediately follow:
"Thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth. But thou
shalt utterly destroy them..." (Deut 20)
- Mason's comrade Underhill recalled how "great and
doleful was the bloody sight to the view of the young
soldiers" yet reassured his readers that "sometimes the
Scripture declareth women and children must perish with
their parents". [SH114]
- Other Indians were killed in successful plots of
poisoning. The colonists even had dogs especially trained
to kill Indians and to devour children from their mothers
breasts, in the colonists' own words: "blood Hounds to draw
after them, and Mastives to seaze them." (This was inspired
by spanish methods of the time)
In this way they continued until the extermination of the
Pequots was near. [SH107-119]
- The surviving handful of Indians "were parceled out to
live in servitude. John Endicott and his pastor wrote to
the governor asking for 'a share' of the captives,
specifically 'a young woman or girle and a boy if you
thinke good'." [SH115]
- Other tribes were to follow the same path.
- Comment the Christian exterminators: "God's Will, which
will at last give us cause to say: How Great is His
Goodness! and How Great is his Beauty!"
"Thus doth the Lord Jesus make them to bow before him, and
to lick the Dust!" [TA]
- Like today, lying was OK to Christians then. "Peace
treaties were signed with every intention to violate them:
when the Indians 'grow secure uppon (sic) the treatie',
advised the Council of State in Virginia, 'we shall have
the better Advantage both to surprise them, & cutt
downe theire Corne'." [SH106]
- In 1624 sixty heavily armed Englishmen cut down 800
defenseless Indian men, women and children. [SH107]
- In a single massacre in "King Philip's War" of 1675 and
1676 some "600 Indians were destroyed. A delighted Cotton
Mather, revered pastor of the Second Church in Boston,
later referred to the slaughter as a 'barbeque'."
[SH115]
- To summarize: Before the arrival of the English, the
western Abenaki people in New Hampshire and Vermont had
numbered 12,000. Less than half a century later about 250
remained alive - a destruction rate of 98%. The Pocumtuck
people had numbered more than 18,000, fifty years later
they were down to 920 - 95% destroyed. The
Quiripi-Unquachog people had numbered about 30,000, fifty
years later they were down to 1500 - 95% destroyed. The
Massachusetts people had numbered at least 44,000, fifty
years later barely 6000 were alive - 81% destroyed. [SH118]
These are only a few examples of the multitude of tribes
living before Christian colonists set their foot on the New
World. All this was before the smallpox epidemics of 1677
and 1678 had occurred. And the carnage was not over
then.
- All the above was only the beginning of the European
colonization, it was before the frontier age actually had
begun.
- A total of maybe more than 150 million Indians (of both
Americas) were destroyed in the period of 1500 to 1900, as
an average two thirds by smallpox and other epidemics, that
leaves some 50 million killed directly by violence, bad
treatment and slavery.
- In many countries, such as Brazil, and Guatemala, this
continues even today.
More Glorious events in US history
- Reverend Solomon Stoddard, one of New England's most
esteemed religious leaders, in "1703 formally proposed to
the Massachusetts Governor that the colonists be given the
financial wherewithal to purchase and train large packs of
dogs 'to hunt Indians as they do bears'." [SH241]
- Massacre of Sand Creek, Colorado 11/29/1864. Colonel
John Chivington, a former Methodist minister and still
elder in the church ("I long to be wading in gore")
had a Cheyenne village of about 600, mostly women and
children, gunned down despite the chiefs' waving with a
white flag: 400-500 killed.
From an eye-witness account: "There were some thirty or
forty squaws collected in a hole for protection; they sent
out a little girl about six years old with a white flag on
a stick; she had not proceeded but a few steps when she was
shot and killed. All the squaws in that hole were
afterwards killed ..." [SH131]
More gory details.
- By the 1860s, "in Hawai'i the Reverend Rufus Anderson
surveyed the carnage that by then had reduced those
islands' native population by 90 percent or more, and he
declined to see it as tragedy; the expected total die-off
of the Hawaiian population was only natural, this
missionary said, somewhat equivalent to 'the amputation of
diseased members of the body'." [SH244]
20th Century Church Atrocities
- Catholic extermination camps
Surpisingly few know that Nazi extermination camps in World
War II were by no means the only ones in Europe at the
time. In the years 1942-1943 also in Croatia existed
numerous extermination camps, run by Catholic Ustasha under
their dictator Ante Paveli, a practising Catholic and
regular visitor to the then pope. There were even
concentration camps exclusively for children!
In these camps - the most notorious was Jasenovac, headed
by a Franciscan friar - orthodox-Christian serbians (and a
substantial number of Jews) were murdered. Like the Nazis
the Catholic Ustasha burned their victims in kilns, alive
(the Nazis were decent enough to have their victims gassed
first). But most of the victims were simply stabbed, slain
or shot to death, the number of them being estimated
between 300,000 and 600,000, in a rather tiny country. Many
of the killers were Franciscan friars. The atrocities were
appalling enough to induce bystanders of the Nazi
"Sicherheitsdient der SS", watching, to complain about them
to Hitler (who did not listen). The pope knew about these
events and did nothing to prevent them. [MV]
- Catholic terror in Vietnam
In 1954 Vietnamese freedom fighters - the Viet
Minh - had finally defeated the French colonial
government in North Vietnam, which by then had been
supported by U.S. funds amounting to more than $2 billion.
Although the victorious assured religious freedom to all
(most non-buddhist Vietnamese were Catholics), due to huge
anticommunist propaganda campaigns many Catholics fled to
the South. With the help of Catholic lobbies in Washington
and Cardinal Spellman, the Vatican's spokesman in U.S.
politics, who later on would call the U.S. forces in
Vietnam "Soldiers of Christ", a scheme was concocted to
prevent democratic elections which could have brought the
communist Viet Minh to power in the South as well, and the
fanatic Catholic Ngo Dinh Diem was made president of South
Vietnam. [MW16ff]
Diem saw to it that U.S. aid, food, technical and general
assistance was given to Catholics alone, Buddhist
individuals and villages were ignored or had to pay for the
food aids which were given to Catholics for free. The only
religious denomination to be supported was Roman
Catholicism.
The Vietnamese McCarthyism turned even more vicious than
its American counterpart. By 1956 Diem promulgated a
presidential order which read:
-
- "Individuals considered dangerous to the
national defense and common security may be
confined by executive order, to a concentration
camp."
Supposedly to fight communism, thousands of buddhist
protesters and monks were imprisoned in "detention camps."
Out of protest dozens of buddhist teachers - male and
female - and monks poured gasoline over themselves and
burned themselves. (Note that Buddhists burned
themselves: in comparison Christians tend to burn
others). Meanwhile some of the prison camps, which in
the meantime were filled with Protestant and even Catholic
protesters as well, had turned into no-nonsense death
camps. It is estimated that during this period of terror
(1955-1960) at least 24,000 were wounded - mostly in
street riots - 80,000 people were executed, 275,000
had been detained or tortured, and about 500,000 were sent
to concentration or detention camps. [MW76-89].
To support this kind of government in the next decade
thousands of American GI's lost their life....
- Rwanda Massacres
In 1994 in the small african country of Rwanda in just a
few months several hundred thousand civilians were
butchered, apparently a conflict of the Hutu and Tutsi
ethnic groups.
For quite some time I heard only rumours about Catholic
clergy actively involved in the 1994 Rwanda massacres. Odd
denials of involvement were printed in Catholic church
journals, before even anybody had openly accused members of
the church.
Then, 10/10/96, in the newscast of S2 Aktuell, Germany -
a station not at all critical to Christianity - the
following was stated:
"Anglican as well as Catholic priests and nuns are
suspect of having actively participated in murders.
Especially the conduct of a certain Catholic priest has
been occupying the public mind in Rwanda's capital
Kigali for months. He was minister of the church of the
Holy Family and allegedly murdered Tutsis in the most
brutal manner. He is reported to have accompanied
marauding Hutu militia with a gun in his cowl. In fact
there has been a bloody slaughter of Tutsis seeking
shelter in his parish. Even two years after the
massacres many Catholics refuse to set foot on the
threshold of their church, because to them the
participation of a certain part of the clergy in the
slaughter is well established. There is almost no
church in Rwanda that has not seen refugees - women,
children, old - being brutally butchered facing the
crucifix.
According to eyewitnesses clergymen gave away hiding
Tutsis and turned them over to the machetes of the Hutu
militia.
In connection with these events again and again two
Benedictine nuns are mentioned, both of whom have fled
into a Belgian monastery in the meantime to avoid
prosecution. According to survivors one of them called
the Hutu killers and led them to several thousand
people who had sought shelter in her monastery. By
force the doomed were driven out of the churchyard and
were murdered in the presence of the nun right in front
of the gate. The other one is also reported to have
directly cooperated with the murderers of the Hutu
militia. In her case again witnesses report that she
watched the slaughtering of people in cold blood and
without showing response. She is even accused of having
procured some petrol used by the killers to set on fire
and burn their victims alive..." [S2]
As can be seen from these events, to Christianity the Dark
Ages never come to an end....
References:
- [DA]
- K.Deschner, Abermals krhte der Hahn, Stuttgart
1962.
- [DO]
- K.Deschner, Opus Diaboli, Reinbek 1987.
- [EC]
- P.W.Edbury, Crusade and Settlement, Cardiff
Univ. Press 1985.
- [EJ]
- S.Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders, Madison
1977.
- [LI]
- H.C.Lea, The Inquisition of the Middle Ages, New
York 1961.
- [MM]
- M.Margolis, A.Marx, A History of the Jewish
People.
- [MV]
- A.Manhattan, The Vatican’s Holocaust,
Springfield 1986.
See also V.Dedijer, The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the
Vatican, Buffalo NY, 1992.
- [NC]
- J.T.Noonan, Contraception: A History of its
Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists,
Cambridge/Mass., 1992.
- [S2]
- Newscast of S2 Aktuell, Germany, 10/10/96, 12:00.
- [SH]
- D.Stannard, American Holocaust, Oxford
University Press 1992.
- [SP]
- German news magazine Der Spiegel, no.49,
12/2/1996.
- [TA] A True Account of the Most Considerable
Occurrences that have Hapned in the Warre Between the
English and the Indians in New England, London
1676.
- [TG]
- F.Turner, Beyond Geography, New York 1980.
- [WW]
- H.Wollschlger: Die bewaffneten Wallfahrten gen
Jerusalem, Zrich 1973.
(This is in german and what is worse, it is out of print.
But it is the best I ever read about crusades and includes
a full list of original medieval Christian chroniclers'
writings).
- [WV]
-
Estimates on the number of executed witches:
- N.Cohn, Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry
Inspired by the Great Witch Hunt, Frogmore
1976, 253.
- R.H.Robbins, The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft
and Demonology, New York 1959, 180.
- J.B.Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle
Ages, Ithaca/NY 1972, 39.
- H.Zwetsloot, Friedrich Spee und die
Hexenprozesse, Trier 1954, 56.
This page 1996 by kelsos. So there.
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